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Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936)〔''The Times'', (London) 18 January 1936, p. 12〕 was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist. Kipling's works of fiction include ''The Jungle Book'' (1894), ''Kim'' (1901), and many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888).〔For notes on the text of the Kipling piece, see http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_wouldbeking_notes.htm〕 His poems include "Mandalay" (1890), "Gunga Din" (1890), "The Gods of the Copybook Headings" (1919), "The White Man's Burden" (1899), and "If—" (1910). He is regarded as a major innovator in the art of the short story;〔Rutherford, Andrew (1987). General Preface to the Editions of Rudyard Kipling, in "Puck of Pook's Hill and Rewards and Fairies", by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282575-5〕 his children's books are classics of children's literature; and one critic described his work as exhibiting "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".〔Rutherford, Andrew (1987). Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of "Plain Tales from the Hills", by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-281652-7〕〔James Joyce considered Tolstoy, Kipling and D'Annunzio to be the "three writers of the nineteenth century who had the greatest natural talents", but that "he did not fulfill that promise". He also noted that the three writers all "had semi-fanatic ideas about religion, or about patriotism." Diary of David Fleischman, 21 July 1938, quoted in ''James Joyce'' by Richard Ellmann, p. 661, Oxford University Press (1983) ISBN 0-19-281465-6〕 Kipling was one of the most popular writers in England, in both prose and verse, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.〔 Henry James said: "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius (as distinct from fine intelligence) that I have ever known."〔 In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and its youngest recipient to date. He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on several occasions for a knighthood, both of which he declined.〔Birkenhead, Lord. 1978. ''Rudyard Kipling'', Appendix B, "Honours and Awards". Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London; Random House Inc., New York〕 Kipling's subsequent reputation has changed according to the political and social climate of the age〔Lewis, Lisa. 1995. Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of "Just So Stories", by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. pp.xv-xlii. ISBN 0-19-282276-4〕〔Quigley, Isabel. 1987. Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of "The Complete Stalky & Co.", by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. pp. xiii–xxviii. ISBN 0-19-281660-8〕 and the resulting contrasting views about him continued for much of the 20th century.〔Said, Edward. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. London: Chatto & Windus. Page 196. ISBN 0-679-75054-1.〕〔Sandison, Alan. 1987. Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of ''Kim'', by Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. pp. xiii–xxx. ISBN 0-19-281674-8〕 George Orwell called him a "prophet of British imperialism". Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote: "He () is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with."〔Douglas Kerr, University of Hong Kong. "Rudyard Kipling." The Literary Encyclopedia. 30 May 2002. The Literary Dictionary Company. 26 September 2006 ()〕 == Childhood (1865–1882) == Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, to Alice Kipling (née MacDonald) and John Lockwood Kipling.〔 Alice (one of four remarkable sisters)〔Flanders, Judith. 2005. ''A Circle of Sisters: Alice Kipling, Georgiana Burne-Jones, Agnes Poynter, and Louisa Baldwin''. W.W. Norton and Company, New York. ISBN 0-393-05210-9〕 was a vivacious woman〔Gilmour, David. 2002. ''The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling'', Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, NY〕 about whom Lord Dufferin would say, "Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room."〔〔http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_rival1.htm〕 Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the newly founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art in Bombay.〔 John Lockwood and Alice had met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire, England. They married, and moved to India in 1865. They had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that when their first child was born they referenced it when naming him. Alice's sister Georgiana was married to painter Edward Burne-Jones, and her sister Agnes was married to painter Edward Poynter. Kipling's most famous relative was his first cousin, Stanley Baldwin, who was Conservative Prime Minister of the UK three times in the 1920s and 1930s. Kipling's birth home still stands on the campus of the J J School of Art in Bombay and for many years was used as the Dean's residence. Although the cottage bears a plaque stating that this is the site where Kipling was born, the original cottage may have been torn down decades ago and a new one built in its place. The wooden bungalow has been empty and locked up for years and is currently being refurbished and converted into an art museum. Some historians and conservationists are also of the view that the bungalow merely marks a site close to the home of his birth, as the bungalow was built in 1882, about 15 years after Kipling's birth. Kipling seems to have also said so to the dean when he visited JJ School in the 1930s. Kipling was to write of Bombay:
According to Bernice M. Murphy, "Kipling’s parents considered themselves Anglo-Indians (a term used in the 19th century for people of British origin living in India) and so too would their son, though he spent the bulk of his life elsewhere. Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent features in his fiction." Kipling referred to such conflicts; for example: "In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep, she (the Portuguese ''ayah'', or nanny) or Meeta (the Hindu ''bearer'', or male attendant) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten, and we were sent into the dining-room after we had been dressed, with the caution 'Speak English now to Papa and Mamma.' So one spoke 'English', haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rudyard Kipling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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